Ukuchazwa Kwezindleko: Ukwenza Izixhobo Zokuphakama Kwesililo

Umongo wezinhlelo zokugcina izifo likhuluma ngezimali eziphakeme njengaleliyo ngoba amathuba okugcina izifo kunesizukulwane sithinta ubunzima nokutholiwa kwezinhlelo yezibalo. Ukwenza kwezixwayiso zokugcina izifo kwisifunda esibalulekile kulomlando, lapho ukulungiswa kokuphatha kuyavamile kakhulu kumthetho ongaphelelanga futhi kubukeka ukuthola izindleko ezifanayo. Ukuqonda izinkinga ezihlukene ezivela ekukwenzeni lezi zixwayiso zokugcina izifo kunceda amathuba okugcina izifo namabhengezi ukwenza amaqeqesho afanele ngokuthenga neffordhayishini yokusebenza.

Izindlelwe zokwakha kwi-sector ye-orthopedic ziyaphuma ngapha kwemali yesibonelo, kufana nezindlelwe ezinhle zokhokhelo kakhulu, izindlela zokulawulwa, nezobuchwepheshe zokwakha. Ukukhula kwezixhobo zomdla wase-orthopedic zidinga izimali ezinkulu kumsebenzi nokuthuthukisa, izixhobo ezithembekile, nezimali ezinconywayo ezinokuthuthuka ngokuthembekileyo kumsebenzi wokudla. Le zinto zonke zihlanganisa ukuthuthuka kwindlela yokuthuthuka kwayo, oku kuthuthuka kumthwthwa wokuthuthuka kwayo kumthwthwa wokuthuthuka kwayo.

Izindlelwe Zomthwthwa Nezimali Zokhokhelo

Ukukhetha Kwesithuthi Somthwthwa Ophakeme

Ubungo bendawo yokwakha izixhobo zokuchazamchazam zihlwe ngokukhetha i-alloys ze-stainless steel eziphiqele, njenge-316L noma i-17-4 PH stainless steel, ezibiza imali enkulu kunazo zonke izinto eziphuhlileyo. Lezi alloys zihlengalenga kakhulu ngoba zinamandla okukhuphula ukulahlwa, ukuthi achaphazekanga yisifo, nokuthi azilahle umgca wokugcina ngemva kokucinezela kwingxenye ezimbini. Iindleko zezinto zingaba yikati ama-thirty percent yesimilo sonke sendawo, kepha kukho kwehluleka ukukhetha isitshantsha njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokulinganisa izindleko.

Izinqumo zokuthenga izimboni ezizulazula kuyadinga imitholoko engcono ngezinsiza ezibonelelwe ukuqinisekisa ubunzima nobude bokulinganisa. Umongo wokwenza izixhobo zokuphakama kwesililo kudinga izimboni ezingenela i-ASTM ne-ISO, ngenjongo yokubonakala yonke indlela yesupply chain. Ukuhluka kwebhodhi kumathuba wezintshukumo esisanda kungaba yinkinga ekhulu kumindleko yokudala, kuyadinga inkohlako epheleleyo yezivuno nezinqumo ezithembekileyo zokuthola izinto ukuze kugcinwe ubunzima bokuthengiswa ngaphandle kokuchaza.

Izidingo Zokulungisa Nempawu

Ukugcina kweyisikali njenge-passivation, electropolishing, nezimboni ezithile zongezisa izindleko kakhulu ekwakheni inkampani ngelika kunikeza iziphawu ezifanele ekusebenzini. Lezi zidingo zihlanjulula ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, zilungiselela ukuthi kungahlengelwe ngamabhaketeriya, kanti futhi zayangezeke isimo sezinsima zezixhumanisi zokuchaza. Izingelo lezinye izigaba zokugcina kuzodinga kuba phakathi kuka-15% kuya ku-25% yezindleko zonke zokwakha, kulinganisa nesilingo sezixhumanisi kanye nezidingo zokusebenza eziyadingekayo.

Ukugeza kwezintonga ezide, njengekhowudi yethitanjiam nayitrayidi noma ukusebenzisa ikhabhoni enjengenduku, kudinga izixhobo zikhethekile kanye nokwazi ukwenza le nto, okwakhuthaza ngokuphindaphindwa imali yokwakha. Kodwa, le zintonga eziphepha ziqukethe izindleko zazo ngokuthi zavelisa imiphumo emihle kumsebenzi wosurgery kanye nokugcina kwizikhathi ezide zezinto zokusetyenziswa. Kufuneka abawekwa izinto uqaphele kahle izindleko zezintonga eziqhutshelwe ngaphandle kohlaziyo lwemercantile kanye nokutsala kokulinganisa kwezimali, ngelisho eliqinisekile ukuthi ubungako buhlangabezana nezinga elidlulwayo olithandwa kumakhewuli wokwakha kwezinto zokusetyenziswa ekusetyenzisweni kwamacebo ekushisa amagugu.

Ukwenza Teknoloji kanye Nezixhobo Zokwenza

Umphakathi Wokwenza Okucacile

Ukwenza kwezinhlelo zomdlalo wasezintsheni kusebenzisa kakhulu izikhundla zokugcina ngokuchazwe kwe-kompiyutha, izixhobo zokuphazamisa ngemithwalo yewiri, nezixhobo zokugcina ezihle ekwaziwa ukufinyelela amathuba amanduna. Izimali ezibalwa kwesibonelo sokuthenga lezi zixhobo ezihle kungaba kube ngaphezulu kwezinhlanu eziningi eziyizigidi zezimali ngendawo yokwenza. Izindlela zokuhlukumelela nokugcina kwezixhobo ezihle zibonakala ngokuba yizindlela ezikhulu ezihlukene ezidingekayo ekubaleni kwizimali zokuthengisa izinhlelo.

Ukuthuthuka kwezinhlelo zokwakha kusiza izimali eziphilisayo ezikwenzela ukuthuthukisa ubunzima nokunciphisa izindleko ngayinyaniso ngokuphindaphindwa. Kodwa, isivinini esihlukene kakhulu sezigaba sokwenza izixhobo sicinga ukunikelwa okuphakade kwizixhobo neqembu lokusebenzela ukuze kuqhutshelwe ngaphandle. Umphakathi wokwakha izixhobo zokulungisa izifo ze-orthopedic kumele uqonde indlela yokulawula izidingo zeziteknoloji eziya phambili kanti nobubi bezindleko eziphakeme zokubuyekeza izixhobo, ikakhulukazi kumaqeqeshi amancane angasebenzi ngezimali eziphansi.

Ukuhlola kanye nokuthesha umnotho wokuhlola

Imithombo emijulile yokubheka ubomi ibonakala njengendawo enkulu yomthelelo ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo zokuphatha izifo ze-orthopedic, nezixhobo ezibuthakathaka zokulinganisa i-coordinate, izixhobo zokulinganisa ubuchwepheshe, nokuxhoba kwamakhemikhali okumiswa okudinga ukunyusa kakhulu. Isixhobo sonke sikhuphela ngemva kwemizuzwana eyihlanu yokuhlola, kusukwa kumsebenzi wokubona umsebenzi wokwanda kuya kuvalela ukubonakala kwesiproduct ekugcineni, nezimali zokuphawula ezingaba yiklasi engu-10-15% yesixa esigcweleyo semali ekwakhiweni ngokwenzeka, ikakhulu ngokosizo lwesidingo sokubophelela.

Ukusebenzisa kwezinhlelo zokulawula inkohlakalo kanye nezobuchwepheshe zokhlola ngokuzenzekelayo kungahlanjelwa izindleko zokulawula ubunzima kwizinyanga eziphambili ngenkathi kuhlanjiswa ukulingana kanye nokuncipha kwezinkinga. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokuqala kwezinhlelo ezihlukileyo zokulawula ubunzima zidinga ukuplanjwa kahle kwezimali futhi ziyalinganisa isivumelwano kubasebenzisi abancane. Izindleko zezinkinga zokulawula ubunzima kumashini okugcina kungaba yinkinga enkulu, kepha kumele kube yizindleko echingayo esingazitholi khona kulokho kungakhathalwa ekulawuleni ubunzima kuma ukwenza izixhobo zolungiselelo lwesililo imisebenzi.

Izindleko Zokwemukela Kukholeka Kwezibopho Nezibopho

I-FDA Nezidingo Zomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe

Izindleko zokuhlanjelwa kwezimfuneko eziphatha ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi yokusebenzisa emsulwa yasekhanda kufundiswa izindleko zokubhalisa kwe-FDA, ukhuthazelo lwesiko lemenjiselo yokhonga ubunzima, nezinye izindimana ezihlanza izimfuneko ezingahlala zenzela imali enkulu. Okuqala okuthile kwe-FDA 510(k) kuthakatha phakathi kwezintathu amakhulu amadola kuya kuma-200000 amadola, kulinganisa nokucinga kwegunya kanye nedatha eyadingekayo yesilivumelwano. Izimfuneko zasekhanda zezizwe ezifanayo zongezisa izindleko, ngokuthi i-CE marking, i-Health Canada licensing, nezinye izivumelwano zezone zizonke zidinga uhlelo olwahlukile lomlando kanye nezindleko.

Ukugcina iqiniso lezivumelwano kufuna abasebenzi abathintelayo nabakhangela ngokuphelele eminyakweni yeziphumlisi zamazwi, imithetho yokugcina ubomi, nezinhlelo zokuphatha izinkcazelo. Iindleko ezihlanzekayo ngonyaka ekulandelweni kwezivumelwano zingaba phakathi kwezimbini ngezingu-5% zenkonzo yonke kwizimvo ezigqithile, ngokungahle kakhulu kubakwa amathambo amancane noma akunye ukunika izinhlayiya ezintsha. Ukuhlaziywa kwezivumelwano kusenzelula iindleko ezipheleleyo ezenziwa kuzinto okuthinta uhlelo, ukuchaza nokunikezela kabusha okumele kube ngaphandle kwebhali yezinhlayiya esikhona.

Ukusebenzisa Kwesistimha Yokuphatha Ubungako

Ukuthembeka kwe-ISO 13485 nokulungiswa kwezimali ye-FDA kudinga izinkundla ezijwayelekileyo, ukubheka okuphakade kwegazi, nezinyathelo zokukhangelwa zezenzo ezingeneyo ezivala izindleko eziqhubekayo. Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezibhekene ngokugcwele kuzidinga inyanga ezisithupha kuya kunesithupha-nesikhombisa futhi kungacostja phakathi kweskhumbuzo sika-100,000 kuya kuma-500,000, kulinganiselwe ngekholo kanye nokuchazene kwezemfundo yokwakha. Lezi zinhlelo zibaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseni ukulungiswa kwebaluleko futhi ukuqinisekisa ubunzima obuhambisana beziphiqo ezintsha ezikwakhiwa.

Ubudlelwane bekuqopheka imisebenzi yokuphatha inkampani yobugcisa kufaka phakathi ukfundiwa kwezikhala ngemva, izenzo zokuphatha amadokhumenti, nokwenza izilinganiso ezibhekene nesiphathimandla ezingena kakhulu kumsebenzi wabantu. Nangoba lezi zenzo azisengezi ngokudla kwemvelaphi yokwakha, kudingeka ukuze kube khona ukuhlawuleka kwegunya nekuphepha izimali. Kumele izinkampani zingcine ubungako bezinkinga zokuphatha inkampani ngendlela ethembekile futhi ziqiniseke ukusebenza ngokuefficiency nezimali eziphathelene ngempela ekwakheni izixhumanisi zesilisa.

Umsebenzi Nezimali Ezidingayo Zabasebenzi Abakhethekile

Abasebenzi Bekhetho Bezokwakha

Ukwenza kwezixhobo zokuphatha izifo ze-orthopedic kudinga abasebenzi abanobuchwepheshe buhle, abaphathi besimo, nabagqimba abakwazi ukusebenza ngemikhawulo engcono kakhulu neendima ezinxaleneyo. Umdlalo wabasebenzi abanobuchwepheshe ngokuvukile kufika kakhulu kunamandla okusebenza angaphandle kakhulu ngamashumi amathathu nama-40%, okubonisa ubuchwepheshe nobunikazi obudingayo ekwenzeni izixhobo zokulungisa. Ukufundisa abafundi abasha kwizidingo eziphambili zokwenza izixhobo zokugcina kufuna iintsuku ezi-3 ukuya ku-6 kwaye yindlela enkulu yokunyusa abantu.

Ukukhokha kwezimali zomsebenzi kuyaphahla ekuphatheni kwemali yomsebenzi, ngoba ukususa kweenjongo ezinobuchwepheshe kungasebenzisa izimpahla zokwakha kwaye kudinga amaprofelo amathengiselweyo ekufundeni kwakhona. Izigaba zomsebenza ngaphandle kwemali yobubi kumsebenzi othwalelayo zihlala zifaka inkazimulo epheleleyo yesifo, izinto zokugcina kwezimali zomva, kwaye amaphakade okubuyekeza ukufunda okuninzi. Indawo yokuthenga yezimali zomsebenzi zokwakha ezinobuchwepheshe kudinga ukuthuthuka kwezimali kumsebenzi kwaye amathuba okusebenzisa indawo yokusebenza ukugcina umsebenzi oqinileyo othinta ngokuphathwayo kakhulu kakhulu kwizimpahla zokwakha.

Iinkomfyutha nezimali zokukhetha

Ukuthuthuka kwezinto ekwenziweni kwemisebenzi yesilonda ephambene nempilo kudinga ukuqonda okungcono emfanekiswengeni yezigaba, izinhlaka zomlando, nemidlalo yokuhlala. Isibongo sabelana ngokujwayelekile kusadinga kwezimali phakathi kuka-15 ukuya ku-25% yizindleko zakhasimende, abasebenzi basekhaya bathola imali ehlanganisa naleyo atholwa emaphandleni njengeyaseNkosini namanye amaphandla aphathekayo. Izindleko zokugcina izimo zabelana zidinga ukulungiswa ngenhloso yokuthuthuka kwezinto ngokushesha nokukhuseleka kwebume.

Ukusebenzisana kwezithembiso zokulungiselela nokuphucula kuzo kubaluleke ukuthi kube khona izindlela zokunakekela, ukuthuthukisa izinhlayiya, nokulungiselela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lezi zinto zenza imali enkulu ekufakelwa ngaphambi kokutholiwa kwemali yezinhlayiya ezintsha. Izinkampani ephathelene nokwakha izixhumanisi zokuphucula okunjalo zazenzela izahluko ezingu-3% ukuya ku-8% yesimali esivelasayo ngonyaka ekulungiseni nokuthuthukisa, ngokwaziswa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezintsha zinani eliphakade futhi nezimpondo eziphambili emercantini ngolwathi.

Inani Lokwakha Nezimali Ezifanelekileyo

Izinqumo Zokwahlula Imali Engakhathalwa

Izindleko zokuphatha kwezinhlelo yezixuku ezenziwa kumgangatho wokudla kuyafakela izindleko zendawo, ukungena kwezixuku, izindleko zezinsimbi nekhabhamasi enkulu okungaba khona njalo ngaphandle kokuguquka kwisilinganiso sokudla. Ukufinyelela isilinganiso esifanelekile sokudla ukuze sahlukanise lezi zindleko ngokushesha kumanyathelo amaningi kuyindima eyakhikeyo ekuthinteleni izindleko ezihlakaniphileyo. Izixuku ezikhululekileyo ezinezilinganiso ephantsi kuzofaka izindleko eziphambene kakhulu ezingabangela ukuthinta iqiniso labo emazweni ngokulinganayo nasezinkingweni eziphakeme.

Ukuplanisha ngokwemithetho olungcono kohlaka lwempahla kudinga uvavanyo olucophelela kwemercantile kanye nokubala kokudemandeka ukuze kube yilapho uhlelo lwempahla luhlakanise ukuthengo kakhulu nokhuquleka kwezemfundo. Ukwenza izixhumanisi zokugcina kufundiswa kuxhomekeke kukenza izixhumanisi ngamabhajithe ukuze kube yilapho uhlelo lwesimo sokulungisa inzuzo yesakhiwo nesilinganiso sesimende, ngabe amabhajithe akhokelelwa yizimo zedemande kanye nezindleko zokugcina impahla. Abafana kumele balungise ngcono okubi komsebenzi omkhulu wempahla kulesona sikhathi sezinga eliphelile yimpahla engalahlakali kanye neshintsho yezimpendulo zomercantile.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwembono Yokuhanjiswa Kuye Kwegunya Kunye NeMphumela YeVendile

Ukuphatha kahle kokuchaza isilinganiso kungaba nemiphumela embalwa emali yokuqeqesha ngokujulile ukuxhumanisa nokuthenga izigaba, izivumelwano zokuthenga ngezibuko, nezinto ezihlanganiswe zokuthutha. Ukukhiqizwa kwezixhumanisi zokusebenzisa indiza kuyadinga izindawo eziningi zokuletha izimpahla yezimpahla, iziqinisekiso, ukupakisha, nezinye izimiso eziphephile, okunke kumele kube khona ukubala nokuzilolonga kakhulu. Ukudibanisa izindawo apho kudingeka kungasusa izindleko zokuphatha futhi kube khona inhlaka yokuxhumana ngokuhle ukuze kube nenhlanhla yobude bezimali.

Imithandazo engaphelani yokunika izindleko zihlinza ukunikezela amaphutha okunciphisa izindleko ngokuxhumana nokuthuthukisa, ukuphathwa kwebanga, nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, ukulawulwa kumthombo omnye kuphazanyiswa umngcipheko wendlela yokunika okumele kube yilowo kulawula ngokulungileyo ngekuqinisekisa umniki osekutheni nesiphakamiso sokudala. Izindleko zendlela yokunika engavimbeli kwenziwa emfukweni yezixuku ze-orthopedic zingaba njengalokhu kakhulu ngoba imidlalo yosizi ishesheshayo futhi kudingeka kube khona indlela yokushintsheza umniki ngokushesha kwezinhlobo ezithile.

Ukulinganisa Kwezomkhathi Nenkokhelo Yezindleko

Ukuchaza Kwemeko Yekhompithisha

Ukusekelwa kwezomaketi ekwakhiweni kwemithombo yesimo esihlukileyo kudinga ukuchazwa okujulile kwezinhlelo zokuthengisa izinkampani ezifana, imithombo yokwahlukaniswa kwezinto, nokuthuthukiswa kwebizo lokubaluleka. Izinhlelo zokuthengisa ngokuphakade kungase kube yisiphelo kuzinto ezintsha ezenzekelayo ngezimiso eziphathelene nezifo, ngelikhalifa izinto eziqinile ziyaphatha ukulinganana okuphakeme okudinga ubunzima obukhulu bokwakha. Ukuziqonda kweyona into yokuqasha kusidlalo ngobudleli bekakhulukazi kumisebenzisi kumconywa ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuthengisa ebaluleka ngokushesha kungalokho kuphela okwakhiwe ngokushesha.

Ukugcina iqiniso elihlotshwayo nokwenza umsebenzi wokulungiselela izinkundla kuthatha izindleko kodwa kunciphisa ulwazi olubalulekile lokufunda izinqumo ezithembekileyo ngokuthi kuthintelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto nezinhlelo zokulahla izindleko. Indawo yokuthengisa yezixhobo zokuphefumula izifo ze-orthopedic kuyaphakama izinkampani eziphephile eziphephile eziphephile eziphephile kanye nezinkampani ezikhethiweyo ezingcwele ekuthathweni izigaba esithile sezigaba noma izindawo zokuthengisa. Isigaba sonke sokulinganisa sinexabiso elingcolileyo lezindleko kanye nezinhlelo zokulahla izindleko.

Amaphutha wokulahla ixabiso Ngokusekelwe kuQhuma

Ukukhokhwa ngokwezimali kumakhemikhali okwenza izixhobo zeendaba zomdlalo kuthatha indlela eyinyaniso ngaphandle kokuchungechunge kwemfundo, kubandakanya imfundo yezilonda, ukuhlelwa kweendaba zomdlalo, nokuchungechunge kwegcinwe lonke lomdalo. Izixhobo ezinezindlela ezinkulu zomdlalo, ezilungisa iindlela zokuhlala okanye ezilungisa imfundo yezilonda zinokuvikela ukukhokha okuphakade nakuba kunezindlela ezinkulu zokwenza. Ukudokolobha nokugcwalisa izindlela ezibonakalayo kudinga ukwenza imfundo yezilonda, ukulinganisa imfundo, nokusebenza kwemfundo okongeza kumalungiselelo wemfundo kodwa kungenza ukukhokhwa okungcono.

Izikhungo zempilo zazi-ke zihlela izixhobo zokugcwalisa ngokulinganisa into yazo yonke okunikezwe kuthengo yokuqala kuphela. Leli tende liba khona amandla abafana izixhobo zabo ngekuhlanjwe kwakhona, ukunciphisa izidingo zokuhlela, okanye kakhulu kwezifundo ezingcono ezikuvumela ukuthenga okuphansi. Ukulungiswa okwamandla kohlelo olisekelwe ekhono kufuneka kukhona ukuqonda kabangani imisebenzi yomthengi nokwaziwa ukulinganisa isabelo sangempilo seziphumo esinokuthi sibe khona emshenleni wezixhobo zokugcwalisa izilalo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukuphi kwezinguqu kwezimali eza kuma raw materials emshenleni wezixhobo zokugcwalisa izilalo

Izimpendulo ezizulazula kuvutha izikhathi eziphindwe kabili ukuya kuthathu kwezimali eziphakeme ekwakhiweni kwemipako yezokulungisa umlilo, ngaphandle kwezigaba eziphakeme kakhulu zezinhlobo ezikhethekile zamahhashi amadala okuhlinza. Isilinganiso sikhethe isilinganiso ngokusheshayo ngenxa yokucinga kokuphathelene kwebanga, izici ezidingekayo zompendulo, nezimo zomkhiqizo zezinhlobo ezithile zamahhashi. Izingo zompendulo zingafihla kakhulu ngokusheshayo ngenxa yezimo zomthelela wasekhanda nemigomo yocingo.

Kani imali yokukhathalela kohlelo olubulawayo kuyimpinda emali ekhokhelwayo ekwakhiweni

Izindlela zokulawula kumele kakhulu kuthatha kusihlandla kanye nesikhumbini kwezimali ngonyaka yezinhlangano ezithile, kufana nalezimali yokubhalisa kwe-FDA, ukuzilondoloza kwezinhlangano zokhquality, nokusebenza okuphila kwizindlela zokulawula. Izimali zokuqala zezindlela zokulawula kumathilili amasha kungaba phakathi kwezinkulungwane ezibilii nezinkulungwane ezimbili, kulinganisa ngokomlando wendawo kanye nesidaludwe esidingekayo. Lezi zimali zibalulekile ukufinyeleza ekhondleni kodwa zibonakala izigaba ezinkulu ekufinyeleni kumakhelini amakhulu emfundo yezixhumanisi zomdlalo.

Kutheni izimali ezidingekayo zokuthuthukisa izixhumanisi zomdlalo?

Ukucopheleka kokuqala kwezixhobo zokwakha izikhundla zokwenza izixhobo zomsebenzi wasekhaya ezipheleleyo ziyadinga imali phakathi kwezintathu nezishumi ngezinduna, kulingana nokutholakala kwemfundo nokuphumelela kwezixhobo. Iziphawu ezifunekayo kufumana i-CNC machining centers, izixhobo zokulungisa ubomi, izixhobo zokulunga kakhulu, neziphawu ezithile zokugcina. Izikhundla ezincinci eziquqhe layo emfaneni ngokuthile zingadinga ukucopheleka okuncane kodwa zinezidingo eziphazanyayo kumfanani womthwalo nezimali.

Ukutholakala kwemfundo kuthinta njani imali yedola ngayinye yokwenza

Ukuvoluma kwezimali kubaluleka kakhulu ekukhawukeni izindlela ngayisebe ngokwahlukanika izindlela ezigcwele, futhi izixhumanisi ezincane zezimali zingaba nesilingo esikhulu ngakweyekhodi kanye nesikhundla ngakwesikhathi kuzo zomkhawulo. Ukufinyeleza ukuvoluma okwengeziwe kohlelo kudinga ukuhlolwa okucophele kwezomercato kanye nokuplanayo okuphathelene ukulungiselela uhlelo lwesipensi ngokuhlangana nokwenziwa kwezimali. Ukwenziwa kwezixhumanisi zezokulungisa izono zezokugcina kufanele ngamandla amakhono amakhono, ikakhulu kuzo zomkhawulo otholakala ngokuthi kutholakala kakhulu kuzo zomkhawulo ngokuthi kutholakala kakhulu kuzo zomkhawulo.