Amastandela We-ISO Kuzo Ngezimali Zokwenza Izixhumanisi ZeOrthopedic

Ukwenza izixhobo zokuphakama eziphambileyo kudinga ukulandela amastandela okh quality angcono kakhulu kwindlela yesifundo sezixhobo zomdlalo. Kufuneka isitolo sekwalaseli sinakekela imithombo engahlelekileyo yomthetho ngelishwa kuyiphatha ubungako bokusebenza ukuze kubeke izixhobo ezikhathazekileyo kumntu. I-Nternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) inikeza iziqiniseko ezijwayelekileyo ezohlala konke okuhlanganisa ukwenza, ukusuka ekukhetheni izinto ezivela emhlabeni kuze kube yisiprodi ekugcineni. Lezi ziqiniseko zihlinza ukuthi izixhobo zokuphakama zilandela izidingo ezibophaza kakhulu ezingaphumelela kuzigaba zokugcina izigaba ephathekayo phakathi kwonke.

Ukusebenzisa kwezinhlobo ze-ISO ekwakhiweni kwebandla lokugcina incwadi kuyisibonelo esikodwa sokuthembeka ekhokhelweni kwempilo yomthwali nokusebenza kwayo. Izisekelo zezobuchwepheshe zamuhla zidinga izixhobo ezitholakala, ezipholile kanye neziphumelelayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kwezimo ezimbi zokugcina incwadi. Imisebenzi yezokwelashwa kufuneka ibonise ukulungiswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ISO ngokujonga, ukwenza inqanawa epheleleyo yesinqumo sangempilo esihlanjulayo iingxaki ezithile, imisebenzi yokwakha, ukuhlawula ingcindezi, nokulawula izinto emva kokuthengwa.

Inhloso ye-ISO ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kwebandla lokugcina incwadi

ISO 13485 Inqanawa Yemfundo Yophando Lwesixhobo Sokubophephela

Isahluko oliphambili lwemfundo yokulungiswa kwesixhobo sokubophephela, i-ISO 13485 isenza izidingo zesinqumo sangempilo esihlanjulayo ngokwenzelwe ngokwazo indawo yezixhobo zokubophephela. Le ndima iphinda ngaphezulu kwezinhlobo ezijikelezelayo zokulungiswa ukuze ihlinzele iingxaki ezihlukileyo ezifakelwa ngabakhwazi bokwakha izixhobo zokugcina incwadi. Umsebenzi othile woku isifungo sezixhobo ze-orthopedic kumele ubonise izindlela ezinhle nezihlukene yokuphatha uhlelo, ukuphatha amabhuku, inhlalo yomphathi, nokuthuthuka kwezinyathelo ezigcwele ngokufanele kakhulu emaphondweni aphepha ngempahla.

Ukusebenzisa ISO 13485 kudinga ukuthi kwenzeke imigomo eyayinelithi yonke indlela ebalulekile yokwakha, kusukela ekubhenkeleni umthekiso ovela kumateriali kuze kube yisiphetho sokuphumula kwesiprodo. Leli xabiso libeza kakhulu ekufundeni ngezinselelo zokulahlekwa, kulinganiselwa konke okungaholela kuhlukahluka kakhulu esiprodoni noma kumsimangaliso wobumnini. Izahlulo ezihlanjwayo kanye nezilinganiso zeziphathimandla ziziziqhamo ezibalulekile zokugcina isiqinisekiso futhi zibonise ukuthi kuyaqhubeka nokulandela izimpendulo ezivelayo kuzo zonke izimali.

Kumele izihlathi zokwakha zibopheze nezinhlelo eziphambili zokulungisa nokukhuselela okuthintana nokungabi nemiphumela kahulumeni futhi ukuxhumana kakhulu kubaphathimbi basebhengu. Le ndlela esisisekelo ekulondolozeni imiba iqinisekisa ukuthi imiba yezimali itholakala ngokugcwele, izizathu ezimbili zitholakala, kanye namahluko amehlanu akhona ukukhokha kabusha. Izidingo zokudokolozwa phansi kukaISO 13485 zidala indlela eyijwayelekile yokubonisa ukuthatha inqubomgomo kuwo wonke amandla okwakha.

Ukuthunywa Kwe-ISO 14971 Umphathi Wemfanelo

Ukuphatha izithembiso kuyisahluko esiqashelene nezimali zokwenza izixhobo zokugcina. ISO 14971 iphindelela indlela eqinisekileyo yokubala, ukuchaneka, ukufunda, nokuphatha izithembiso eziphathelene nesigwebo samazwi ngempela yona iminyaka yalo yonke. Leli standard ikhankanywa ukuba abakhi uzibone izithembiso ezibhekene nokusebenza kwesigwebo kunye nezithembiso zokwakha ezingaba nemeko ekuthintayo ubunzima obuvela kumqondo okanye ukufumaneka kwesigwebo.

Indlela yokuphatha izithembiso iqala ngexesha lokulungiselela kwaye ibheke phambili kumsebenzi wokwakha, ukulethwa kumasebe, nokusebenza emva kokuthengwa. Iziguga zokwakha kumele zibale iziphumo ezingcono ezithintayo iindlela zokwakha, kuxhomekeke kuthintelo lwamagugu, uguquko lwemilinganiso, iingxaki zentonga yesihlangothi, kunye nobunzima bokucinezela. Kufuneka kube yinxalenye yezithembiso ebalwe zichanekwe ngokulinganisa impikiswano yawo kumsimbi womntu kunye nokuphila komgangatho, kwaye ziphathiswe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze zilahle njengoko kufanelekile.

Ukudokolisa izenzo zokuphatha ingciniso kungenxa yokunikezela iminikelo yezivumelwano futhi kunciphisa ukulandelana nokudinga okumphakathi kwezimali ezihlakaniphile. Kudinga ukubuyekezwa nokuvuselela kwezilinganiso zingciniso ngokusheshayo njengoba imininingwane emisha ihlangene kusetyenziswa kwicala, ukwenza, noma ulwazi lwesayensi. Le ndlela eyenzeka iyaphendula ukuthi amandla okulawula ingciniso ayahlala angekelwe phakathi komthetho wokuphatha umlando wemfanelo futhi aphendule kuzinto ezingahleli noma izidingo.

Amadoda Ake Akhuluma Ngokuphatha

IZahluko Zokugcina Amagugu Nezinhlelo

Nakuba i-ISO 13485 inikeza izimfuno ezithile yezixhobo zomedical, i-ISO 9001 isenza izahluko eziphambili zeqiniso lekwalithi ephathelene nokuphatha kakhulu iziseko lokwenza. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zikamntu kwenza inkambo enempela yokuphatha wonke umsebenzi wokwakha, ukusuka ekuphatheleni kwesipoli kuze kube ngumthembeka wokuthengisa. Isifundisi sezixhobo ze-orthopedic sithembeka kumxholo wezindlela onikezwe iphiqo ngu-ISO 9001, okuyakhusela ukubala nokuphatha ngendlela ethile imisebenzi eyinxalenye yesibini esinokuthi ibe yinto eqinisekileyo.

Isimo senziwe yindlela ekhokhelwa ngayo kusetyenziswa kwezimali nekuqeqesha kwabasebenzi emisebenzini yokhangelameli, njengoba kubonakala ukuba ukusebenza kufanele kube khona kuzo zonke iingxaki zomphakathi. Umgangatho ophezulu kufuneka uqinisekise ukuthintela ngokwenza imigomo, ukunika izixhobo, nokuhlola ngokuphindaphindi iimfanelo zokhangelameli. Le ndlela yokuqhuba iyayinika amandla ukuba iingxaki zokhangelameli ziphinde ziphinde zibonakale kwaye zizikhoyo izixhobo ezingafunekiyo ukufinyelela ezidingo zokulungiswa.

Ukusondeza kakhulu kuyakwenzeka into eqhamuka esebenza kakuhle xa iindikelo ze-ISO 9001 zisebenzisa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ukulinganisa okuphindaphindo kunye nokuchazwa kweezibalo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kunceda ukukhangelela iinkokhelo zokuthutha, ngelixa iindlela ezihlengalenga yokutshintsha kunceda ukuthi iinguqu zisebenzise ngendlela efanelekileyo engavakasheli iingxaki ezithile zokhangelameli. Esi sihlalo sokuthutha sinesanda elide sokungcinezela kunye nokulawula.

ISO 15223 Iimpawu Zemithombo Yezobuchwepheshe Kunye Nokushiya Iimpawu

Ukutholakala nokumaka kwezixhobo zokuphakama kudinga ukuxhasana nezimboli zilandelayo phakade kanye nezidingo zombuzo. ISO 15223 ibuyisela izimboli ezilandelwayo ezisetshenziswa emakineni ezigula izixhobo zempilo kanye ngemboni yezimemo, ihlinza ukukhuthazwa kwemvumelelo yokubhala okubalulekile abasebenzisa impilo khona konke kumhlaba. Lokhu kusungulwa kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kanye kuncoma ukwenza amaphutha aphathelene nokutholakala okungahambanga noma ukusetshenziswa kwezixhobo.

Iziseko lokwakha kumele zinikeze izinhlelo zokumaka ezenza izimboli ezidingekayo ngendlela etholakala kanye enqondayo phakathi kwezimo ezahlukene. Leli xesha libheka izidingo zokudala, ukususa kanye nokuvikela izimboli ezenza ukusebenza kakhoke kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene. Izinhlelo zokuhlanjwa kwezimali kumele ziphawule ukuthi ukumaka kuqukethe kanye kufanelekile ngamandla akwenzeka, kufakwa phakathi komsebenzi wesibili noma imisebenzi yokupaki.

Ukuxhumana nokuhlelekelwa kwezomnotho ezihlukene kungadinga izimpawu zokushaja ezengeziwe ngaphandle kwezidingo ze-ISO. Kufanele izinhlelo zokwakha zenzeke lezi zidingo ezahlukene ngelishaa kuyakhula izinhlelo zokwakha. Izinhlelo zedokhumenti ezinelektroniki zingasebenze ukuphatha ubuncinci bezimpendulo zokushaja kwamazwe amaningi ngelishaa kuyaqinisekisa ubaluleka nokulandelayo kooncoko wonke nokutshintshwa kwemibiko.

Imithetho yokuqeda izimpilo nezempilo

ISO 17665 Ukuvikela kwe-Steam Sterilization

Ukubetha kwezimali kuyisikhathi eside sisebenzisa indlela yokunquma ukuthula kwizixhobo zokuphakama, kudinga ukuthi kutholakale ngcono nokulandela okuphambili ukuze kuthintwe inkinga. i-ISO 17665 iphindelela igida ekubunjweni, ekutholeni, nekulondoloza izindlela zokubetha kwezimali eziphathelene ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinga elidingekayo lokulondoloza inkinga. Kufanele isikhangeli sezixhobo zokumedita sibonise ukuthi izimo zokubetha kwezimali zihlukile kuzo zonke izixhobo nezinhlelo zokugcina.

Izenzo zokuthola iqiniso ziqhubeka nokufakwa kwezikhathi, ukusebenza kwezikhathi, nezikhathi zokusebenza okuphawula ngokuvamile umsebenzi wokulahla kanye nokweba kwezindlela. Ukuhlola ngempilo, izikhombisi zechemically, nezikhombisi ze-biological zisebenza ngokuhlanganisa ukuze kubekwe inkinobeko eyangeni ngokweba kwemfazwe. Lokhu kufuna ukungena kwezimo ezivamele ezingatholakali ngaphandle kokuhlanjelana ngezikhombisi ze-biological.

Ukuhlola izindlela ezigcweleyo kusivikela ukuthi izikhathi ezivunyelwe zokulahla ziqhubeka zisebenza ngaphakathi kwezimo ezivamele. Ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kwezixhobo zokuhlola, ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo kwezikhombisi ze-biological, nokuhlola okuvamile kwezimemo zezindlela kusiza ekugcineni ububele ekwebeni kwemfazwe. Konke okwahlukileyo kuma-zama amavela kumele kucazwe kabangani futhi kucindezwe ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwezinhlelo ezithintekileyo.

ISO 10993 Ukuchazwa Kwemvelaphi

Izimodi ezisetshenziswayo kweqoqo lezixhumanisi zezokulungiswa kumele zibonise ukuthandana nokulinganiso kwegciwane yomntu ukuze kugcinwe ubuhle bendawo ngexesha lokusetshenziswa kwicala. ISO 10993 inikeza indlela eyenzakalayo yokuvavanya iziphumo zokulinganisa kumodili wemvelaphi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvavanya ezifanelekileyo. Leli qhaza likhomba abafana izimodi ezifanelekileyo nezindlela zokulungisa izihlangothi, njengoko zilungise izivivino ezingcono kumahluko apho amahluko aphelelwa ngokuvavanya okusetyenziselwa ivivino.

Inkathi yesivivino sokulinganisa kufaka phakathi ubungako nobude bezohlangothi, okunika amandla abafana ukuzithembela kuzivivino ezikhona ngazo ziziphumo ezihambelana ngezigaba. Kudingeka ukuvavanywa kovivino, ukuthintana, ukuchitha, nokuvavanywa kweziphumo eziningi ngokulinganisa, kanti kubukeka ukuthi kudingeka ngokwahlukana kohlelo nokuxhumanisa. Idatha esetholakele kumodili omfanayo nemisebenzi ingaba isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izidingo zokuvavanya ngendlela ethintele ukugcina ubuhle.

Kufanele kugcineke ubungakanani bezindlela zokwakha ezingathinta ukuba umongo uyisizo, njengezindlela zokulungisa iphaneli, izinhlelo zokucula, noma izindlela zokuhlaka, ngaphandle kwendlela yokuhlola. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela ezimiselwe kungadinga uhlelo oluthile lokuhlolwa okunye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izici zokuphepha zilondoloziwe. Inkonzo yezahluko zokulinganiswa kumongo ihlengelela inkxalabo ekhombisa ukuthembekileyo kuzindlela zokukhetha umongo.

Ukulawula Ibhili Namaqondo Amanje

ISO 7153 Ukuchaza Isixhobo Sebhalo

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinkalo zomshini kusinika iqiniso lokuthi izixhobo zokuphakela zihlala zihlanganisa izidingo zokusebenza futhi zilondolozo izici zokusebenza khona ngisho ngecala kwezikhathi ezifanelekileyo. Amastandela e-ISO 7153 anikeza izindlela ezithile zokuhlaziywa ezahlukene nezinhloso zezixhobo zokuphakela, kubandakanywe izixhobo zokugayaza, izixhobo zokulanda, nezixhobo ezithile zokuphathwa kwezintambo. Lezi zilandela zibekisa izikhathalo ezifanayo zokulinganisa okusiza ekwakhiweni kwebalaselelo nokulinganisa kwezinkalo eziphathelene ngokushesha.

Izimpendulo zokuhlaziywa zihlangana nezici ezibalulekile zokusebenza njengekususa kahle, amandla okulanda, ukuxhumana kwegunya, nokucindezelwa kwesilinganiso. Izindlela ezilandelayo zokuhlaziywa zihlinza iziphumo ezinokubuyiselwa okufakelwa kangcono phakathi kwezimali ezahlukene nezinhloso zezixhobo. Kumele isikhalo sezixhobo zokuphathwa kwezintambo sibekwe amandla okuhlaziywa okusiza kuzindlela zokuthutha nokuphatha ubunzima ngokuvamile.

Izinqumo zokuhlola kwezibalo zisiza ekulungiseni ubunzima bokuhlola ngelokho kubukekela ukuthembeka kakhulu ekhishweni. Izindlela ezivimba ngokuhlinzekwa kwezidingo nokulinganisa okuhlolanayo zinikeza amandla abangcwalisa ukugcina izindlela zabo kakhulu ezimali ebalulekileyo yekhisho ngalokho bahlawukela izidingo zokulawula. Ukwethembeka kwemiphumela yokuhlola kuncike emthembakalini wokuvimbela kakhulu kwezigaba esikhundleni futhi kusiza ekuphileni kakhulu.

ISO 8600 Izingqondo Zomlando Wokubuka

Izindlela ezincane zokuphatha kudinga izixhobo ezithile ezihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bezingeni nesimo esinamandla ukuze sibeke kakhulu iminyaka yokuhlakanipha. Izingqondo ze ISO 8600 zihambisana nezidingo ezithile zezixhobo zomlando wokubuka, kufakwa phakathi izilinganiso zomkhawulo, izici zesayensi, nezidingo zemisebenzi. Lezi zixhobo kumele zilondolale kahle futhi zisebenze kahle ngaphandle kokuthintana ngenkinga yesimo esizenzayo futhi sesimemele.

Ukukhetha imithwalo yezixhobo zokubona kungcolisa kufuneka kube ngcono ukuziphatha kwamandla okuphazanyiswa, amandla wokugcina, nokulinganiselelwa kwezinhlekele. Lezi zikhonkco zinikeza inqakamba mayelana ngezimiso zomthwalo nezindlela zokuchaza ezihlala ihlinzekileyo phantsi kwezimo zokugcina. Kufuneka izinyathelo zokwenza ziphathwe ngcono ukuze kufakwe izilinganiso eziphambili ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwegazi neqhagamshelwano nezixhobo zokubona kungcolisa.

Ukuvikela izinyathelo zokucima nokuhlakanipha kunezixhobo ezinezikhomba zokubona kungcolisa ezinezikhumba ezaphakade nezinqumleli zingcindezelwe kakhulu. Lezi zikhonkco zihlanganisa izidingo zokulungiselela ukuqhubeka kwezinyathelo ngendlela efanelekile ngaphandle kokushintsha isebenze sezixhobo. Izinyathelo zokuphatha ubumnandi kumele zibonise ukuthi izixhobo ezicacile zihlala ziyalingana nezidingo zokucimileyo nokuhlakanipha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwazo kwezimo zokugcina.

Imibhalo fanye neenzame zoqikelelo

ISO 14155 Izikhonkco Zokulondoloza Kwesivuno

Ukubalwa kwekliniki kwezixhobo zokuphakela kungadinga iziviko ezifanayo zekliniki ukuze kuboniswe ukulungile kanye nokusebenza kwizixhobo ngemithetho yekliniki. ISO 14155 iphinde iphawule impendulo ejulile ekukheleni, ukuphatha, neengcambu zeziviko zekliniki zezixhobo zomedical. Isikhalo sezigxila zokuphakela esidala izixhobo ezintsha okanye esenza emazweni amasha singafuna ukuxhasa izicelo ezingenisa iintsuku ezifaneleyo kumgangatho wokulungiswa.

Leli xabiso linquma iziprinsipi zezenzo ngempilo ezingcono ezenza ukuba ziphumelele kanye nezibonakaliso zekhowudi ngaphandle kokulawula amalungiselelo nesiphilile sohlangothi sokuvavanywa kwekliniki. Ukwenza inkcazelo, ukufunda kwegazi, ukusuka kweengcambu, kunye nesilinganiso sestatistics kufuneka zizonke ziphulaphule iistandards ezihlakaniphileyo zokhangelelo. Inkxaso yokwakha kuziviko zekliniki kuthatha ukugcinwa kwezigaba zokulungiswa kwaye ukugcina imininingwane engqongqo yezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kumaziviko.

Kungcono ukuba kwenziwe ukulandela emva kwe-tholi ukuhlanjelwa kwezinkomba ezimiswe ngokude futhi ukwazi izinkinga noma izintshisekelo ezingakwazeki ngaphambilini. Kufanele izinhlelo zokukusula idatha yesifundo zibekwe ngendlela efuna ulwazi olufanele ngelishia leliphelo kwabasebenzi basehlathini. Ukuhlanganiswa kwebhabhabe yezempilo nezinhlelo zokubika kunciphisa ukuthuthuka okuphumelelayo nokusebenza kakhulu komfanekiso.

ISO 21556 Indentithi Yokumelana Ngokulinganiselwe

Izinhlelo zempilo zangaphandle kwe-Afrika ziyadinga ngokuqhubeka izinhlelo zindentithi yokumelana ezivikela ukulandelwa kwegunya elilodwa kuyo lonke indlela yomlando wokulethwa kanye ekusetshenziseni yisifo. ISO 21556 inikeza izici zokugcina zokusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-UDI ezingxilile kuzimpendulo zokulawula, ngelinye ilayisensi esebenza kahle kwezimali kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa. Lezi zinhlelo zinakekela ukutholakala kakhulu kwezixwayiso ezitholakala kizinkinga futhi zinceda ekuphatheni kahle kwezixwayiso uma kudingeka.

Ukusebenzisa kwezinhlelo zomlando kudinga ukulungiselela phakathi kwezinhlelo, ubunzima, nezinkokheli zombuzane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha itholakala nokuthumelwa kahle. Kuyisikhathi esibalulekile ekugcineni imininingwane yezixhobo evela kuqala kuqala kuya ekupheleni kwempilo yezixhobo. Inkululeko yokwenza izixhobo zokulungisa kanye kumele ibe nenkathi eyenziwa engatholanga umlando wamazisi ngokuhlanganisa izidingo zokulungiswa okahlukene ngezilingo ezihlukene.

Ukudibanisa kwezinhlelo zomlando nezinhlelo eziphilayo zokuphatha ubunzima nezinhlelo zokuphatha amadoda azenzakalelayo kusiza ekunikezeni inzuzo futhi kuhlola ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ngokomthetho. Ukuthwala okuqukethwe kanye nokubonakala okuqukethwe kunciphisa usizo lwengciniso lapho kusiza ekuphendula ngoksheshana izibizo zokulungiswa noma izenzo zokulandela emva kokuthengwa. Ukuhlola kanye nokubona kwezinhlelo ngokusheshayo kusiza ekunakekeleni ubunzima nesivinini somlando wamazisi ngabasebenzi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kuthini izimali ze-ISO eziphambili kakhulu ekwenzeni kwizixhumanisi zokulungisa?

Izimali ezibalulekile kakhulu kufana ne-ISO 13485 yokuphatha ubunzima bezixhumanisi zomphakathi, i-ISO 14971 yokuphatha isimilo, kunye ne-ISO 17665 yokubonza ukucinezela. Le zimali ezintathu zibonakala njengemfundiso yobuchwepheshe bokulawula nokugcina ubomi bomntu. Ngaphezu koko, i-ISO 10993 yokubangelana ngezinto ezivuthayo kunye ne-ISO 7153 yokuvavanya ubunzima bukaMendele ngumgangatho omuhle othile kwiisixhumanisi zokusebenza.

Ngaba kufuneka kube yintoni indlela efananayo yokubonisa ukuthembekileyo kwi-ISO kwaye ibuyekeze?

Ukuthembeka kwi-ISO kufuna imfundo yesithembiso ngonyaka onke kwaye ukuzalisa kabusha konke ngamashumi amathathu ngeminyaka ngemboni yezixhobo ezithembekileyo. Kodwa, ukubona ukuthembekileyo phakathi kufuneka kube yinto ebopheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba kufuneka kwenze imfundo phakathi, imfundo ye-management, kunye nokulinganisa iziphumo. Okunye okubalulekileyo okutshintshwayo kumzekelo wokwenza, indawo yomjengo, okanye uqhama lwesampuli kungafuna ukulinganisa okunye ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa.

Kutheni ukudokolwenzela okudingekayo ukubonisa ukuthi uyavikela ISO

Ukudokolwenzela okubanzi kufaka phakathi amabhuku enkquality, izinhlotyelano ezihle zokusebenza, izigaqo zokusebenzela, amabhukhu abafundi, amabhukhu wokulungiselela, izaporanu zokuthembeka, neziphawu zokuhlahlwa. Konke lokhu kudingeka kugcinwe, kube yisikhathi, kufakwaziwe ngabasebenzi abalungileyo. Kukhunjelwa izinhlelo zokuphatha amadokhumenti ngekhompyutha ukuze kugcinwe ubunikazi behlobo nokuthola isikhathi esifanayo sezigaba nezingxenye ezihle.

Izigaqo ze-ISO ziyenzani kanjani izindleko zokwenza nokugcina izinsuku

Ukufaka izigaqo ze-ISO kusasa kudinga imithengelo enkulu ekuthutheleni izinhlelo, ukufundisa, nokwenza iziviko. Kodwa, izimphakatsi ezide zingaholela ekunciphiseni izinkinga zombhalo, ukuthuthuka kakhulu, ukuthuthuka kwekhasimende, nokunyezelana okulula kwezimali. Izigaqo ezihle ezenziwe kahle zihlala zizama ukuncipha izindleko ngokunciphisa inkohliso, ukwenza izimemo eziningi, nokunakekelwa kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo ekunqamuzeni izindleko zokuqala.